the opportunity of actions offered by the environment, are one of the central research topics for the theoretical perspectives that view cognition as emerging from the interaction between the environment and the body. The response device was programmed in E- Prime to record reaction times when participants squeezed the cylinder (Fig.Īffordances, i.e. The response apparatus consisted of a 4-in.-long by 1-in.- diameter cylinder that afforded both a power grip by clenching the whole cylinder and a precision grip by pinching the tip of the cylinder. Sound files corresponding to category labels natural? and “ man-made? ” were recorded by a female native speaker of American English. 1), all distractor objects would be grasped with a clench, expect for broccoli (use context) and lime (move context), which may afford both clench and pinch grips.
For instance, for the kitchen timer (Fig. For each conflict object, we ensured that the different affordances were represented in equivalent proportions between use and move contexts. Distractor objects could afford either power or precision grips or both/none (e.g., plants). The other natural and man-made distractors objects appeared only in one picture. Thirty natural and 10 man-made distractor objects appeared in both move and use context pictures. A subset of these distractors was used as target objects on filler trials. In addition to the critical conflict objects, each scene also contained 4 distractor objects, both man-made and natural (e.g., fruit, vegetables, plants, flowers). The scenes represented an office, kitchen, or bathroom. 1 and a list in the Supplementary Materials). There were 40 photographs corresponding to the two visual contexts for each of the 20 conflict objects (see an example in Fig. The association between the move and use scenes and the gestures evoked by the conflict objects (clench or pinch) was confirmed in the norming study (Supplementary Materials). Objects were presented in either a move environment, in which the visual scene was a context in which the object would be clenched with a power grip (e.g., kitchen timer in drawer), or a use environment, in which the object would be pinched with a precision grip (e.g., kitchen timer on countertop, with food). They were colored pictures of 20 manufactured objects associated with different move and use hand postures (e.g., kitchen timer). Critical stimuli were involved only in the main experiment and were selected from a preliminary study (see the online Supplementary Materials). study included a baseline experiment designed to control for individual grasping time differences and a main experiment designed to test the influence of visual context on action activation during object semantic processing.
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